An orthopedic doctor, also known as an orthopedic surgeon, specializes in diagnosing and treating injuries or illnesses to the musculoskeletal system. The orthopedic doctor will work to repair and preserve the bones, joints, ligaments, and skeleton. Orthopedic doctors, also known as medical orthopedists, are physicians who specialize in treating muscles, joints and bones. They often focus on a particular area of orthopedic medicine or part of the body. Orthopedic doctors frequently work with patients who experience chronic pain or are recovering from an injury.